Footprints in Local Reasoning

Local reasoning about programs exploits the natural local behaviour common in programs by focussing on the footprint - that part of the resource accessed by the program. We address the problem of formally characterising and analysing the footprint notion for abstract local functions introduced by Calcagno, O Hearn and Yang. With our definition, we prove that the footprints are the only essential elements required for a complete specification of a local function. We formalise the notion of small specifications in local reasoning and show that for well-founded resource models, a smallest specification always exists that only includes the footprints, and also present results for the non-well-founded case. Finally, we use this theory of footprints to investigate the conditions under which the footprints correspond to the smallest safe states. We present a new model of RAM in which, unlike the standard model, the footprints of every program correspond to the smallest safe states, and we also identify a general condition on the primitive commands of a programming language which guarantees this property for arbitrary models.Comment: LMCS 2009 (FOSSACS 2008 special issue

An artificial intelligence and NLP based Islamic FinTech model combining Zakat and Qardh-Al-Hasan for countering the adverse impact of COVID 19 on SMEs and individuals

Pursose: The ongoing Corona virus (COVID 19) pandemic has already impacted almost everyone across the globe. The focus has now shifted from spread of the disease to the economic consequences it will bring to the society. The shortage of production will result into the shortage of supply and consequently will end as loss of jobs and employment for millions of people around the world. Two of the most important section of our society i.e., daily wage laborers and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) will have to bear the major burnt of this crisis. The proposed integrated Artificial Intelligence and NLP based Islamic FinTech Model combining Zakat (Islamic tax) and Qardh-Al-Hasan (benevolent loan) can help the economy to minimize the adverse impact of COVID 19 on individuals and SMEs. Design/Methodology/Approach: The present study explores the possibility of Zakat and Qardh-Al-Hasan as a financing method to fight the adverse impact of Corona virus on poor individuls and SMEs. It provides the solution by proposing an Artificial Intelligence and NLP based Islamic FinTech Model combining Zakat and Qardh-Al-Hasan. Findings: The findings of the study reveals that Islamic finance has immense potential to fight any kind of situation/pandemic. Zakat and Qardh-Al-Hasan, if combined together can prove to be a deadly combination to fight the adverse effect of COVID 19. Practical Implications: To be used as an effective way to support individuals and SMEs in the period during and after the pandemic of COVID 19. Originality/value: There is no study combining Zakat and Qardh Al-Hasan to fight the adverse effect of poor individuals and SMEs. The study will contribute massively to the existing literature and will help the government and civil societies in fighting the economic impact of COVID 19 on individuals and SMEs.peer-reviewe

Population genetics and drug resistance markers: an essential for malaria surveillance in Pakistan

Plasmodium (P.) vivax is the prevalent malarial species accounting for 70% of malaria cases in Pakistan. However, baseline epidemiological data on P. vivax population structure and drug resistance are lacking from Pakistan. For population structure studies, molecular genetic markers, circumsporozoite protein (csp) and merozoite surface protein-1 (msp-1) are considered useful as these play an important role in P. vivax survival under immune and environmental pressure. Furthermore, these genes have also been identified as suitable candidates for vaccine development. While efforts for effective vaccine are underway, anti-malarial agents remain the mainstay for control. Evidence of resistance against commonly used anti-malarial agents, particularly Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) is threatening to make this form of control defunct. Therefore, studies on drug resistance are necessary so that anti-malarial treatment strategies can be structured and implemented accordingly by the Malaria Control Program, Pakistan. This review aims to provide information on genetic markers of P. vivax population structure and drug resistance and comment on their usefulness in molecular surveillance and control

The key role of knowledge-oriented leadership regarding to knowledge management practices in innovation performance of manufacturing and commercial companies of Guilan province

In the new business environment that is characterized by turbulence and increasing complexity, the ability to establish and maintain a company's competitive advantage lies in its knowledge. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of knowledge oriented leadership on the innovation performance regarding to the role of knowledge management practices in manufacturing and commercial companies of Guilan province. The research is applied in terms of objective, and its methodology is descriptive. The population of study included manufacturing and commercial companies of Guilan province. To select a sample, convenience method was used. According to the Cochrane limited formula, total of 282 people were selected. Cronbach's alpha for reliability of the questionnaire was used. In this study, data were analyzed, by descriptive analysis, structural equation modeling and path analysis using SPSS 22 and Lisrel 8.50. Findings suggest that knowledge-oriented leadership has effect on creation of knowledge and application knowledge. Knowledge creation and application of knowledge has effect on the innovation performance. It was found that knowledge management practices has a mediating role in the relationship between knowledge-oriented leadership and innovation performance

The key role of knowledge-oriented leadership in innovation performance of manufacturing and commercial companies of Guilan province

The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of knowledge oriented leadership on the innovation performance regarding to the role of knowledge management practices in manufacturing and commercial companies of Guilan province. The research is applied in terms of objective, and its methodology is descriptive. The population of study included manufacturing and commercial companies of Guilan province. To select a sample, convenience method was used. According to the Cochrane limited formula, total of 282 people were selected. Cronbach's alpha for reliability of the questionnaire was used. In this study, data were analyzed, by descriptive analysis, structural equation modeling and path analysis using SPSS 22 and Lisrel 8.50. Findings show that knowledge-oriented leadership has effect on creation of knowledge and application knowledge. Knowledge creation and application of knowledge has effect on the innovation performance. It was found that knowledge management practices has a mediating role in the relationship between knowledge-oriented leadership and innovation performance

Physical Characteristics and Level of Performance in Badminton: A Relationship Study

The aim of the present study was to establish a relationship between selected variables of physical characteristics and the level of performance of male badminton players. 20 male badminton players who represented State Badminton Championship were selected as the subjects for the study. The age of the selected subjects were ranged from 20 to 27 years of age. Arm strength, leg strength, agility, spine flexibility and wrist flexibility were taken as the variables of physical characteristics. Level of performance was recognized as the playing ability of the players. Rogers's formula was employed to estimate the arm strength of the selected subjects. Leg Strength of the subjects was taken by leg dynamometer to the nearest kilogram. To measure the agility of the subjects 10 yards shuttle run was administered and time was recorded to the nearest 1/10th of a second. Spine and wrist flexibility of the subjects was taken by flexomeasure with yard stick and it was recorded to the nearest inches. For determining the level of performance of the players they were asked to participate in a series of three matches, seven points each. The fixture of the matches was drawn on the basis of lottery system. The level of badminton performers were categorized on the basis of players' performance which was evaluated and rated by a panel of three experts on the court during the matches on a 10 points likert type rating scale having score from 1 to 10 points. Some more addition points were awarded according to the results of the matches i.e. 5 points for winning and 2 points for losing the match. The Person's Product Moment Coefficient of correlation was computed to determine the relationship between badminton performance and selected variables of physical characteristics. The results of this study indicated that there is a significant relationship between agility and wrist flexibility a variable of physical characteristics and level of performance where as an in significant relationship were observed between arm length, leg length and spine flexibility the variables of physical characteristics and level of performance at 0.05 level of confidence. The finding indicates that agility and flexibility of wrist of the subjects were important variables for better performance in Badminton. Keywords: Physical Characteristics, Performance, Badminto